Data from: Testing of Full Face Snorkel Masks (FFSMs) to Examine Recreational Snorkeler Deaths

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  • A recent rise in snorkeling-related deaths in Hawaii has inspired several bans on full face snorkel masks (FFSMs). However, while there are theories to explain the deaths, little physiological data exists about the way the FFSMs provide gas to an exercising subject. To evaluate the safety of the FFSM concept, this study was designed to test how use of a full face snorkel mask (FFSM) may be physiologically different than use of a conventional snorkel, and to assess if any of those differences could lead to increased risk for the snorkeler. Ten volunteer human subjects were tested using a variety of commercially available FFSMs, with real-time monitoring of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), inspired airway pressure, and inspired and expired levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Two of the three FFSM design types were shown not to function as advertised, but none of the masks provided physiologically problematic gas supplies to the snorkelers. While this testing yielded no conclusive “smoking gun” to explain the snorkeler deaths, some of the mask models showed patterns of increasing breathing resistance with water intrusion because of a shared design characteristic, and this increased resistance could potentially create elevated levels of respiratory distress to snorkelers during real-world use.

    The dataset provided herein are the data traces from the final minute of snorkeler use of each mask type. The final minute was selected because that was the time when the snorkelers had reached physiological equilibrium for their selected rate of exercise. The data traces include ECG voltage value, pressure level, nitrogen %, oxygen %, and carbon dioxide %, aligned by time stamp. Each text file of raw data is accompanied with a PDF listing the experimental comments/major events, which can be aligned by time stamp.     ... [Read More]

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46 files (9.81 MB)
Data Citation
  • Farrell, J., Natoli, M. J., Brown, G. J., Yook, A., & Lance, R. M. (2021). Data from: Testing of Full Face Snorkel Masks (FFSMs) to Examine Recreational Snorkeler Deaths. Duke Research Data Repository. https://doi.org/10.7924/r4h41tp1v
DOI
  • 10.7924/r4h41tp1v
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ARK
  • ark:/87924/r4h41tp1v
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Collection Dates
  • 2021
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Related Materials
  • Yook, A., Lance, R. M., Farrell, J., Brown, G. J. & Natoli, M. J. (2022). Testing of full face snorkel masks to examine recreational snorkeler deaths. Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine, 49(1), p. 29.  https://doi.org/10.22462/01.02.2022.3
Funding Agency
  • Divers Alert Network
Title
  • Data from: Testing of Full Face Snorkel Masks (FFSMs) to Examine Recreational Snorkeler Deaths
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